Smoking Work Cited

English 103 November 7, 2012 Works Cited Bailey, William Everett. The Invisible Drug. Houston: Mosaic Publications, 1996. Print. William Bailey wrote this book on cigarettes with many views from doctors and other professional advisors to show the effects and complications from smoking cigarettes. This book had a lot of information from previous books the was further reviewed and more recent. However, because this book is from 1996 I used it for a place to start and find more information about the subject. Das , B. C. et al. Smoking And Cardiovascular Health: A Review Of The Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Prevention And Control Of Tobacco. †Ã‚  Indian Journal Of Medical Sciences  63. 11 (2009): 520-533. Academic Search Premier. Web. 31 Oct. 2012. From this journal I learned more about the direct risks from smoking cigarettes and how it increases the chances of getting some sort of cardiovascular disease. Also how smoking has been claimed to cause eleven percent of cardiovascular deaths. Haustein, K. O. Tobacco or Health? : Physiological and Social Damages Caused by Tobacco Smoking.Berlin: Springer, 2003. Print. This book gave me a lot of information about smoking and many statistics as well. It is an older book so it was a base and gave me a lot of information to further research for the rest of the project. It told me of all the organs and systems affected by smoking cigarettes so it was a good place to start. â€Å"Heart Disease Facts. †Ã‚  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 23 Mar. 2012. Web. 30 Oct. 2012. From this website I learned that nearly 20% of all deaths from heart disease in the U. S. re directly related to cigarette smoking. Coronary heart disease is the reason of death for over 616,000 people died of heart disease. I know this is a credible source because it is a government based site. Lemonick, Michael D. , Dan Cray, and Harlene Ellin. â€Å"The Other Lung Disease. †Ã‚  Timeà ‚  163. 16 (2004): 62-63. Academic Search Premier. Web. 30 Oct. 2012. This article gave a lot of information about emphysema and lung cancer both. Lung  cancer is deadlier, it killed 150,000 Americans in 2000, while COPD killed  120,000, but COPD is more common in smokers and even non smokers by a long shot.Lung cancer is the number one killer because is it so hard to detect, by the time it is detected it is often too advanced to reverse. Emphysema is not reversible. â€Å"Lung Cancer. †Ã‚  Pub Med Health. U. S. National Library of Medicine, 24 Aug. 2011. Web. 28 Oct. 2012. From this website I gained information on lung cancer and how cigarettes cause more than half of the diagnoses. Cigarettes contain chemicals that are known to cause cancer, including hydrogen cyanide, carbon monoxide, arsenic, and ammonia. When inhaled, instantaneously your chances of getting lung cancer become higher. â€Å"National Cancer Institute.   Harms of Smoking and Health Benefits of Quitti ng. NCI, 25 Apr. 2012. Web. 1 Nov. 2012. From this website I learned that within the past year, roughly 226,160 cases of lung cancer have been diagnosed. Also in the past year lung cancer has caused 160,340 deaths. In doing the math, that’s over 50% of those who were diagnosed with lung cancer passed away. â€Å"NATIONAL EMPHYSEMA TREATMENT TRIAL. †Ã‚  NATIONAL EMPHYSEMA TREATMENT TRIAL. NETT, 20 May 2003. Web. 4 Nov. 2012. This website gave me most of my information on emphysema. I learned more about what it is and how smoking causes it.Emphysema is a condition in which the small bags in the lungs become filled with too much air, causing breathing difficulties and can lead to death. I know this is a reliable source because it is a government based site. RAMZI ZEMNI, et al. â€Å"Role Of CYP1A1 (T6235C) Polymorphism And Cigarette Smoking In The Development Of Coronary Heart Disease In Tunisian Population. †Ã‚  Journal Of Genetics  90. 2 (2011): 303-307. Academ ic Search Premier. Web. 31 Oct. 2012. From this academic journal I learned that while other things may cause coronary heart disease the main reason is from smoking cigarettes.I also got to view graphs and how certain people, depending on their lifestyle and how much they smoke, develop it fast or have more severe cases. Taraseviciene-Stewart, Laimute, and Norbert F. Voelkel. â€Å"Molecular Pathogenesis Of Emphysema. †Ã‚  Journal Of Clinical Investigation  118. 2 (2008): 394-402. Academic Search Premier. Web. 28 Oct. 2012. As a cigarette is inhaled the toxins in a cigarette leave behind deposits of chemicals from the tobacco. These chemicals remain in the lung cavity and start the damaging lungs almost immediately, breaking the smaller bags and creating a fewer amount of larger bags in the lungs.While only fifteen to twenty percent of smokers develop emphysema smoking causes your chances of getting it to go up more than 85%. Tuder, Rubin M. , and Jeong H. Yun. â€Å"It Tak es Two To Tango: Cigarette Smoke Partners With Viruses To Promote Emphysema. â€Å"Journal Of Clinical Investigation  118. 8 (2008): 2689-2693. Academic Search Premier. Web. 28 Oct. 2012. Emphysema is one form of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) the fourth leading death in the world and still rising. Emphysema causes at least 100,000 deaths per year. â€Å"What Is Coronary Heart Disease?   NHLBI. N. p. , 23 Aug. 2012. Web. 30 Oct. 2012. Facts from this heart disease website show me that one in every four deaths is caused from a cardiovascular disease. Also that nearly half of cardiovascular diseases are caused by smoking cigarettes. I also read that Carbon monoxide and nicotine in the cigarettes cause the blood to clump together, making the blood more â€Å"sticky†, which makes blood more prone to clotting. The clumping platelets in your blood can block your coronary arteries that cause heart attacks, a trigger of Coronary heart disease.

Spirit Bound Chapter Twenty-Two

I DIDN'T TAKE THE GUY'S advice and tear off out of there, though I didn't exactly sit on the front step either. I lingered nearby in a cluster of cherry trees, figuring it would only be a matter of time before the assembly ended and people spilled out the doors. After several minutes passed and nothing happened, I flipped into Lissa's mind and discovered things were still in full force. Despite Tatiana declaring twice now that the session was over, people were still standing around and arguing in groups. Tasha was standing in one such group with Lissa and Adrian, making one of the impassioned speeches she was so good at. Tasha might not be as coldly calculating as Tatiana was when it came to political moves, but Tasha did have a keen sense of ripples in the system and recognized opportunities when they came. She was against the age-lowering decree. She was for teaching Moroi to fight. Neither of those was getting her very far, so she jumped on the next best thing: Lissa. â€Å"Why are we arguing among ourselves about how best to kill Strigoi when we can save them?† Tasha put one arm around Lissa and one around Adrian, drawing them both forward. Lissa still wore her serenely confident look, but Adrian looked ready to bolt if given half a chance. â€Å"Vasilisa–who, by the way, is indeed being denied her fair voice here, thanks to an archaic law–has shown that Strigoi can be brought back.† â€Å"That hasn't been proven,† exclaimed one man in the crowd. â€Å"Are you kidding?† asked a woman beside him. â€Å"My sister was with the group that brought him back. She says he's definitely a dhampir. He was even out in the sun!† Tasha nodded in approval at the woman. â€Å"I was there as well. And now we have two spirit users capable of doing this for other Strigoi.† As much as I respected Tasha, I wasn't entirely with her on this. The amount of power–not to mention effort involved in the staking–that Lissa had required with Dimitri had been staggering. It had even temporarily hurt the bond. That didn't mean she couldn't do it again. Nor did it mean she wouldn't want to again. She was just naively compassionate enough to throw herself into the line of fire to help others. But I knew the more power a spirit user wielded, the quicker they'd travel down the road to insanity. And Adrian†¦ well, he was almost a nonissue here. Even if he wanted to go staking Strigoi, he didn't have the kind of healing power it would take to restore one–at least not now. It's wasn't uncommon for Moroi to use their elements in different ways. Some fire users, like Christian, had skilled control of flame itself. Others could only use their magic to, say, warm the air in a room. Likewise, Lissa and Adrian had their strengths with spirit. His greatest healing triumph was mending a fracture, and she still couldn't walk dreams, no matter how much she practiced. So, really, Tasha had one spirit user capable of saving Strigoi, and that one could hardly transform legions of those monsters. Tasha did seem to recognize this a little. â€Å"The Council shouldn't be wasting time with age laws,† she continued. â€Å"We need to sink our resources into finding more spirit users and recruiting them to help save Strigoi.† She fixed her gaze on someone in the crowd. â€Å"Martin, didn't your brother get turned against his will? With enough work, we could bring him back to you. Alive. Just like you knew him. Otherwise, he's just going to get staked when guardians find him–and of course he'll be slaughtering innocents along the way.† Yeah, Tasha was good. She could paint a good image and nearly brought that Martin guy to tears. She didn't really mention people who'd turned Strigoi willingly. Lissa, still standing with her, wasn't sure how she felt about the idea of a Strigoi-saving spirit army, but she did recognize how this was all part of several other plans Tasha had–including one to get Lissa voting rights. Tasha played up Lissa's abilities and character, scoffing at what was clearly an outdated law from an era that never could have foreseen this situation. Tasha further pointed out that a full Council of twelve families would send a message to Strigoi everywhere about Moroi unity. I didn't want to hear any more. I'd let Tasha wield her political magic and talk more to Lissa later. I was still so agitated about what had happened when I'd yelled at the Council that I couldn't stand to see that room anymore. I left her mind and returned to my own, yelping when I saw a face right in front of mine. â€Å"Ambrose!† One of the best-looking dhampirs on the planet–after Dimitri, of course–flashed me a gleaming, movie-star smile. â€Å"You were so still, I thought maybe you were trying to be a dryad.† I blinked. â€Å"A what?† He gestured to the cherry trees. â€Å"Nature spirits. Beautiful women who become one with trees.† â€Å"I'm not sure if that was a compliment or not,† I said. â€Å"But it's good to see you again.† Ambrose was a true oddity in our culture: a male dhampir who had neither taken guardian vows nor run off to hide among humans. Female dhampirs often chose not to join the guardians in order to focus on raising families. That's why we were so rare. But men? They had no excuse, as far as most people were concerned. Rather than skulk off in disgrace, however, Ambrose had chosen to stay and simply work for the Moroi another way. He was essentially a servant–a high-class one who served drinks at elite parties and gave massages to royal women. He also, if rumors were true, served Tatiana in physical ways. That was so creepy, though, I promptly put it out of my mind. â€Å"You too,† he told me. â€Å"But if you aren't communing with nature, what are you doing?† â€Å"It's a long story. I kind of got thrown out of a Council meeting.† He looked impressed. â€Å"Literally thrown out?† â€Å"Dragged, I guess. I'm surprised I haven't seen you around,† I mused. â€Å"Of course, I've kind of been, um, distracted this last week.† â€Å"So I've heard,† he said, giving me a sympathetic look. â€Å"Although, I actually have been away. Just got back last night.† â€Å"Just in time for the fun,† I muttered. The guileless look on his face told me hadn't heard about the decree yet. â€Å"What are you doing now?† he asked. â€Å"This doesn't look like punishment. Did you finish your sentence?† â€Å"Something like that. I'm kind of waiting for someone now. Was just going to hang out in my room.† â€Å"Well, if you're killing time, why don't you come see Aunt Rhonda?† â€Å"Rhonda?† I scowled. â€Å"No offense, but your aunt didn't really impress me with her abilities last time.† â€Å"None taken,† he said cheerfully. â€Å"But she's been wondering about you. And Vasilisa. So, if you're just hanging around†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I hesitated. He was right that I had nothing better to do right now. I was stuck on options with both Dimitri and the Council's idiotic resolutions. Yet Rhonda–his fortune-telling Moroi aunt–wasn't someone I really wanted to see again. Despite my glib words, the truth was that in retrospect, some of Rhonda's predictions had come true. I just didn't like what they'd been. â€Å"Fine,† I said, trying to look bored. â€Å"Make it fast.† He smiled again, like he could see through my ruse, and led me off to a building I'd been to once before. It housed a luxurious salon and spa frequented by royal Moroi. Lissa and I had had our nails done there, and as Ambrose and I wound our way through it to Rhonda's lair, I felt a strange pang within me. Manicures and pedicures†¦ they seemed like the most trivial things in the world. But on that day, they'd been wonderful. Lissa and I had laughed and grown closer†¦ just before the school was attacked and everything fell apart†¦. Rhonda told fortunes in a back room that was far from the busy spa. Despite the seedy feel of it, she did a pretty brisk business and even had her own receptionist. Or, well, she used to. This time, the desk was empty, and Ambrose led me straight through to Rhonda's room. It looked exactly the same as before, like being inside a heart. Everything was red: the wallpaper, the decorations, and the cushions covering the floor. Rhonda herself sat on the floor, eating a cup of yogurt, which seemed terribly ordinary for someone who allegedly wielded mystical powers. Curly black hair cascaded around her shoulders, making the large gold hoops in her ears gleam. â€Å"Rose Hathaway,† she said happily, setting the yogurt aside. â€Å"What a nice surprise.† â€Å"Shouldn't you have seen me coming?† I asked dryly. Her lips twitched with amusement. â€Å"That's not my power.† â€Å"Sorry to interrupt your dinner,† Ambrose said, gracefully folding his muscled body as he sat down. â€Å"But Rose isn't easy to catch hold of.† â€Å"I imagine not,† she said. â€Å"I'm impressed you got her to come at all. What can I do for you today, Rose?† I shrugged and sank down beside Ambrose. â€Å"I don't know. I'm only here because Ambrose talked me into it.† â€Å"She didn't think your last reading was very good,† he said. â€Å"Hey!† I shot him a chastising look. â€Å"That's not exactly what I said.† Last time, Lissa and Dimitri had been with me. Rhonda's tarot cards had shown Lissa crowned with power and light–no surprise. Rhonda had said Dimitri would lose what he valued most, and he had: his soul. And me? Rhonda had bluntly told me that I'd kill the undead. I'd scoffed at that, knowing I had a lifetime of Strigoi-killing ahead of me. Now I wondered if â€Å"undead† meant the Strigoi part of Dimitri. Even if I hadn't driven the stake, I'd certainly played a major role. â€Å"Maybe another reading would help the other one make more sense?† she offered. My mind was putting together another fraud psychic joke, which was why it was so astonishing when my mouth said, â€Å"That's the problem. The other one did make sense. I'm afraid†¦ I'm afraid of what else the cards will show.† â€Å"The cards don't make the future,† she said gently. â€Å"If something's meant to be, it'll be, regardless of whether you see it here. And even then†¦ well, the future is always changing. If we had no choices, there'd be no point in living.† â€Å"See now,† I said flippantly, â€Å"that's the kind of vague gypsy response I was hoping for.† â€Å"Roma,† she corrected. â€Å"Not gypsy.† Despite my snark, she still seemed to be in a good mood. Easygoing attitudes must have run in their family. â€Å"Do you want the cards or not?† Did I? She was right about one thing–the future would unfold with or without me seeing it in the cards. And even if the cards showed it, I probably wouldn't understand it until afterward. â€Å"Okay,† I said. â€Å"Just for fun. I mean, last time was probably a lucky guess.† Rhonda rolled her eyes but said nothing as she began shuffling her tarot deck. She did it with such precision that the cards seemed to move themselves. When she finally stopped, she handed the deck to me to cut. I did, and she put it back together. â€Å"We did three cards before,† she said. â€Å"We've got time to do more if you'd like. Five, perhaps?† â€Å"The more there are, the more likely it is that anything can get explained.† â€Å"If you don't believe in them, then it shouldn't be an issue.† â€Å"Okay, then. Five.† She grew serious as she flipped out the cards, her eyes carefully studying them. Two of the cards had come out upside down. I didn't take that as a good sign. Last time, I'd learned that it made seemingly happy cards†¦ well, not so happy. The first one was one the Two of Cups, showing a man and a woman together in a grassy, flower-filled field while the sun shone above them. Naturally, it was upside down. â€Å"Cups are tied to emotions,† Rhonda explained. â€Å"The Two of Cups shows a union, a perfect love and blossoming of joyous emotions. But since it's inverted–â€Å" â€Å"You know what?† I interrupted. â€Å"I think I'm getting the hang of this. You can skip that one. I have a good idea what it means.† It might as well have been Dimitri and me on that card, the cup empty and full of heartache†¦. I really didn't want to hear Rhonda analyze what was already tearing my heart up. So she went on to the next one: the Queen of Swords, also upside down. â€Å"Cards like this refer to specific people,† Rhonda told me. The Queen of Swords looked very imperious, with auburn hair and silver robes. â€Å"The Queen of Swords is clever. She thrives on knowledge, can outwit her enemies, and is ambitious.† I sighed. â€Å"But upside down†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Upside down,† said Rhonda, â€Å"all of those traits get twisted. She's still smart, still trying to get her way†¦ but she's doing it through insincere ways. There's a lot of hostility and deception here. I'd say you have an enemy.† â€Å"Yeah,† I said, eyeing the crown. â€Å"I think I can guess who. I just called her a sanctimonious bitch.† Rhonda didn't comment and moved on to the next one. It was facing the right way, but I kind of wished it wasn't. It had a whole bunch of swords stuck in the ground and a woman tied and blindfolded to one. Eight of Swords. â€Å"Oh, come on,† I exclaimed. â€Å"What is it with me and swords? You gave me one this depressing last time.† It had shown a woman weeping in front of a wall of swords. â€Å"That was the Nine of Swords,† she agreed. â€Å"It could always be worse.† â€Å"I have a hard time believing that.† She picked up the rest of the deck and scanned through it, finally pulling out one card. The Ten of Swords. â€Å"You could have drawn this.† It showed a dead guy lying on the ground with a bunch of swords driven through him. â€Å"Point taken,† I said. Ambrose chuckled beside me. â€Å"What's the nine mean?† â€Å"The nine is being trapped. Unable to get out of a situation. It can also mean slander or accusation. Summoning courage to escape something.† I glanced back at the queen, thinking of the things I'd said in the Council room. Those would definitely count as accusations. And being trapped? Well, there was always the possibility of a lifetime of paperwork†¦ I sighed. â€Å"Okay, what's the next one?† It was the best-looking one in the bunch, the Six of Swords. It had a bunch of people in a boat, rowing off over moonlit water. â€Å"A journey,† she said. â€Å"I was just on a journey. A few of them.† I eyed her suspiciously. â€Å"Man, this isn't, like, some kind of a spiritual journey is it?† Ambrose laughed again. â€Å"Rose, I wish you'd get tarot readings every day.† Rhonda ignored him. â€Å"If it were in cups, maybe. But swords are tangible. Action. A true, out-and-about journey.† Where on earth would I go? Did it mean I was traveling to the Academy like Tatiana had suggested? Or was it possible that, in spite of all my rule breaking and calling her royal highness names, I might actually get an assignment after all? One away from Court? â€Å"You could be looking for something. It may be a physical journey combined with a spiritual journey,† she said, which sounded like a total way to cover her ass. â€Å"This last one†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Her eyebrows knitted into a frown at the fifth card. â€Å"This is hidden from me.† I peered at it. â€Å"The Page of Cups. Seems pretty obvious. It's a page with, um, cups.† â€Å"Usually I have a clear vision†¦. The cards speak to me in how they connect. This one's not clear.† â€Å"The only thing that's not clear is whether it's a girl or a boy.† The person on the card looked young but had hair and an androgynous face that made the gender impossible to determine. The blue tights and tunic didn't help, though the sunny field in the background seemed promising. â€Å"It can be either,† Rhonda said. â€Å"It's the lowest in rank of the cards that represent people in each suit: King, Queen, Knight, and then Page. Whoever the page is, it's someone trustworthy and creative. Optimistic. It could mean someone who goes on the journey with you–or maybe the reason for your journey.† Whatever optimism or truth I'd had in the cards pretty much disappeared with that. Given that she'd just said about a hundred things it could be, I didn't really consider it authoritative. Usually, she noticed my skepticism, but her attention was still on the card as she frowned. â€Å"But I just can't tell†¦. There's a cloud around it. Why? It doesn't make sense.† Something about her confusion sent a chill down my spine. I always told myself this was fake, but if she'd been making it all up†¦ well, wouldn't she have made something up about the Page of Cups? She wasn't putting on a very convincing act if this last card was making her question herself. The thought that maybe there was some mystical force out there blocking her sobered up my cynical attitude. With a sigh, she looked up at last. â€Å"Sorry that's all I can tell you. Did the rest help?† I scanned the cards. Heartache. An enemy. Accusations. Entrapment. Travel. â€Å"Some of it tells me things I already know. The rest leaves me with more questions.† She smiled knowingly. â€Å"That's how it usually is.† I thanked her for the reading, secretly glad I didn't have to pay for it. Ambrose walked me out, and I tried to shake off the mood Rhonda's fortune had left me in. I had enough problems in my life without letting a bunch of stupid cards bother me. â€Å"You going to be okay?† he asked when we finally emerged. The sun was climbing higher. The Royal Court would be going to bed soon, ending what had been a turbulent day. â€Å"I†¦ I wouldn't have brought you if I'd known how much it would upset you.† â€Å"No, no,† I said. â€Å"It's not the cards. Not exactly. There's a bunch of other things going on†¦ one you should probably know about.† I hadn't wanted to bring up the decree when we'd first run into each other, but as a dhampir, he had a right to hear about what had happened. His face was perfectly still as I spoke, save for his dark brown eyes, which grew wider while the story progressed. â€Å"There's some mistake,† he said at last. â€Å"They wouldn't do that. They wouldn't do that to sixteen-year-olds.† â€Å"Yeah, well, I didn't think so either, but they were apparently serious enough about it to throw me out when I, um, questioned it.† â€Å"I can just imagine your ‘questioning.' All this'll do is make more dhampirs drop out of the guardians†¦ unless, of course, being that young makes them more open for brainwashing.† â€Å"Kind of a sensitive area for you, huh?† I asked. After all, he too was a guardian drop-out. He shook his head. â€Å"Staying in this society was nearly impossible for me. If any of those kids do decide to drop out, they won't have the powerful friends I did. They'll be outcasts. That's all this'll do. Either kill off teens or cut them off from their own people.† I wondered what powerful friends he'd had, but this was hardly the time to learn his life history. â€Å"Well, that royal bitch doesn't seem to care.† The thoughtful, distracted look in his eyes suddenly sharpened. â€Å"Don't call her that,† he warned with a glare. â€Å"This isn't her fault.† Whoa. Cue surprise. I'd almost never seen sexy, charismatic Ambrose be anything but friendly. â€Å"Of course it's her fault! She's the supreme ruler of the Moroi, remember?† His scowl deepened. â€Å"The Council voted too. Not her alone.† â€Å"Yeah, but she voted in support of this decree. She swayed the vote.† â€Å"There must have been a reason. You don't know her like I do. She wouldn't want this kind of thing.† I started to ask if he was out of his mind but paused when I remembered his relationship with the queen. Those romantic rumors made me queasy, but if they were true, I supposed he might have legitimate concern for her. I also decided it was probably best that I didn't know her the way he did. The bite marks on his neck certainly indicated some sort of intimate activity. â€Å"Whatever's going on between you is your business,† I told him calmly, â€Å"but she's used it to trick you into thinking she's someone she isn't. She did it to me too, and I fell for it. It's all a scam.† â€Å"I don't believe it,† he said, still stone-faced. â€Å"As queen, she's put into all sorts of tough situations. There must be more to it–she'll change the decree, I'm certain of it.† â€Å"As queen,† I said, imitating his tone, â€Å"she should have the ability to–â€Å" My words fell off as a voice spoke in my head. Lissa's. Rose, you're going to want to see this. But you have to promise not to cause any trouble. Lissa flashed a location to me, along with a sense of urgency. Ambrose's hard look shifted to one of concern. â€Å"Are you okay?† â€Å"I–yeah. Lissa needs me.† I sighed. â€Å"Look, I don't want us to fight, okay? Obviously we've each got different views of the situation†¦ but I think we both agree on the same key point.† â€Å"That kids shouldn't be sent off to die? Yeah, we can agree on that.† We smiled tentatively at each other, and the anger between us diffused. â€Å"I'll talk to her, Rose. I'll find out the real story and let you know, okay?† â€Å"Okay.† I had a hard time believing anyone could really have a heart-to-heart with Tatiana, but again, there might be more to their relationship than I realized. â€Å"Thanks. It was good seeing you.† â€Å"You too. Now go–go to Lissa.† I needed no further urging. Along with the sense of urgency, Lissa had passed one other message through the bond that sent my feet flying: It's about Dimitri.

Compare sex difference and women talk too much Essay

Compare sex difference and women talk too much - Essay Example Conversely, â€Å"Women Talk Too Much† is a piece of art that was authored by Holms. From the article, the author has proved that it is a mythical believe and myth that women tends to talk a lot. From the two articles, there are various similarities and differences between the two essays. The main comparison between â€Å"Sex Differences† and â€Å"Women Talk Too Much† is that in both articles, the authors have tried proving that the manner in which people believe on the sex difference and more so on women is not correct (McGeown, 2012). On the other hand, the main difference between â€Å"Sex Differences† and â€Å"Women Talk Too Much† is based on ways in which the views of the authors are directed to the society. The ideas outlined by the authors are significant for people to develop the society. The authors of both â€Å"Sex Differences† and â€Å"Women Talk Too Much† argue in defending their ideas. Macaulay has used research work in supporting his idea. He started with the research chronology on books that were written by Jespersen way back in 1920. Jespersen book, he mentioned on ways in women were heavily stereotyped based on their use of language and the ways in which they understood their language. Based on the book, he showed the audience that, previously there was this belied that women are used to using easy words. Additionally, they focus especially on the main and central arena of their language. Similarly, men tend to hold the new words with a lot of ease. It was also mentio ned that female counterparts have a less reserve of their vocabularies compared to men. Additionally, he included that women are quick in linguistic and better compared to men. However, according to Macaulay, he believes that this is absolutely stereotype. Conversely, Holmes has used illustrations and examples in proving their ideas to prove who talks a lot

Native American stereotypes in childrens books Essay

Native American stereotypes in childrens books - Essay Example With a total of nine books in the series, the books have become classics and have served as the basis for the television show. The unfortunate thing about this is that the book series has poor representations of Native Americans. Should one just merely consider this to be a product of its time and ignore the stereotyping which takes place? As a book to study by adults to discuss the racial stereotyping which takes place in it, it might be of some value. But the intended audience of the book would not pick up on the idea that this book is simply a â€Å"product of its time† and the attitudes expressed towards Native American should simply be dismissed in order to enjoy the overall story. Even without considering the attitudes expressed by the story, the premise of the story is not approached in an acceptable way. The moved out to the prairie to claim a piece of land that the government was giving out. Of course, this was land that native tribes already belonged to. The tribe that is specifically encountered in the book, the Osages, are not considered to really be occupying the land, and therefore it was alright to simply give it away. Even worse, as the family has just taken a plot of land that used to be utilized by the Osages, the Osages are simply regarded as dangerous, strange, a threat, and menacing: â€Å"Laura was frightened. Jack had never growled at her before. Then she looked over her shoulder, where Jack was looking, and she saw two naked, wild men coming, one behind the other, on the Indian trail† (134). This is the sort of portrayal that leads children to simply think of Native Americans as being uncivilized, when in fact every tribe had very spe cific ways of living in harmony with the land. Another book with a negative Native American stereotype is The Courage of Sarah Noble by Alice Dalgliesh. The courage that the title takes its name from is the title character’s bravery in her experience

Air Operations Certificate Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Air Operations Certificate - Assignment Example The fleet size shall be expanded based on future trends and growth prospects in two years from now. Consequently, there is a need to dwell upon all the requirements to obtain an Air Operator's Certificate and give a smooth start to our airline operations. Air Operations Certificate is issued by the Aviation authority of the country of registration after an operator satisfies the authority of its technical competence, professional outlook, meeting legal requirements necessitating safe aircraft operations and maintenance practices besides other criteria involving quality assurance, passenger safety and emergency requirements. The convergence of goals between an operator and the authority lie essentially in ensuring safe conduct of operations, and with due regard to national security aspects in contemporary security scenario. Essential specific criteria as per JAR-OPS-1.175 requires that an operator does not hold an AOC from another country, holds principle business interests and aircraft registrations in the country of application, and most importantly, the ability to conduct safe aircraft operations. With first three criteria already fulfilled for us, our task narrows down towards meeting the last part, i.e. to demonstrate the ability to operate our airline safely. However, with initially limited fleet size of just five aircraft for flight operations, the task is fairly achievable within the limited timeframe available to us. CAA Investigation The investigation by CAA towards grant of an AOC essentially evaluates following criteria: a. Previous Conduct. Previous conduct forms the basis for grant of AOC. We have an upper hand in this regard due to our impeccable and enviable reputation in the market. b. Previous Experience. Although we have negligible previous experience in aviation, our company's excellent reputation, our service to the nation, monetary record and good business practices are expected to help us tide over these requirements without much ado. Further, with a professional outlook and a dependable brand name, we should be able to satisfy the authorities of our competence and convictions of establishing a credible organisation which will not only meet the laid down safety requirements but also complement them in time to come through our awareness programmes and innovations. c. Equipment. With our plan to commence with a fleet of 5 aircraft, we have options of outright purchase of aircraft or borrowing an aircraft on lease. While the latter is an economical option for a new entrant, it is not very profitable in long run if the plan is to establish a major airline in due course. Further, we can go in for a wet lease (with operating crew) or a dry lease (just the aircraft). Considering our eventual plan to establish an airline in long term, it is strongly advocated that an outright purchase of aircraft from company like Boeing or Airbus be affected. Further, considering fleet size and interoperability, we should go in for same type of aircraft for the time being. However, since due to previous orders the company is not likely to be able to provide us with an aircraft immediately, a wet lease for a period of about

Honeywell Company Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Honeywell Company - Case Study Example Honey well company divided payout has increased over the years, this increase can be associated with the increased efforts to increase labor productivity through outsourcing, the following chart shows dividends paid out by the company over the years: data was retrieved from yahoo finance From the above chart it is evident that the divided payout level were low for the period 1976 to 1992 with only slight increases, for the period 1992 to 2000 the divided payout amount increased at an increasing rate and for the period 2000 to 2004 dividends remained constant and for the period 2004 to 2008 the divided payout amount increased at an increasing rate, this shows that there has been an increase in the profitability of the company and this has been due to increased efforts top outsource cheap labor in other parts of the world. From the above chart it is evident that productivity has increased over the years, labor productivity increased gradually for the period 1987 to 1993 but declined in the period 1993 to 1997. For the period 1997 to 2000 labor productivity increased and this increase in labor productivity can also be associated with outsourcing, this is because aerospace manufacturing companies have increased productivity of labor through outsourcing. Major findings: From the above trends it is evident that the profitability of the Honeywell company has increased over the years, this increase can be attributed to reduced production costs that are realized through outsourcing, it is also evident that labor productivity in the aerospace industry has also gradually increased over the years, their productivity level indicates the labor costs incurred by companies with relation to production, it is therefore evident that through outsourcing companies are able to increase their profitability. Other sources of data: Data on labor productivity and divided yield could also be collected in other ways, the above are secondary sources of data and other primary sources could be used in the collection of data, data can be collected through interview and questionnaires, in order to collect this data a research questionnaire should be prepared or an interview conducted with the company representative where data could be collected and recorded. Primary sources are that best sources of data although they are time consuming and costly compared to secondary sources. Regression analysis: Data variables will include labor productivity and dividends paid out each year for the company, the following table shows the data used: Year labor productivity Honeywell company dividends 1988 87.409 0.51875 1989 87.646 0.45 1990 89.095 0.45 1991 94.098 0.4 1992 96.494 0.25 1993 101.304 0.29 1994 95.564 0.3245 1995 95.652 0.39 1996 99.413 0.45 1997 100 0.52 1998 119.149 0.6 1999 120.8 0.68 2000 103.394 0.752 2001 115.688 0.752 2002 118.649 0.752 2003 119.019 0.752 2004 113.245 0.752 2005 124.959 0.824 2006 117.935 0.908 This section

Marketing Services of Damia Spa Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Marketing Services of Damia Spa - Assignment Example The health facility embraces the people from this wide and diversified culture all interested in harmony of Singapore (Damai Spa Singapore n.d.). Damai symbolizes the peaceful and harmonious coexistence of these various cultures as practiced in Singapore. Numerous services are offered at the Damia Spa. The Spa treatment offers customers services that are beyond their expectations and that they would enjoy. The naturally beautiful and serene environment ensures that the patients enjoy their stay in the Spa. Damai Spa offers treatments that are based on the different healing philosophies (Damai Spa Singapore n.d.). This makes the patient get customized treatment and services depending on their traditional beliefs and practices. The traditional Chinese medicine ensures balancing by unblocking the vital energy. The Malay Jamu philosophy heals by the use of herbal and natural well being. Moreover, the European spa therapy energies the body connection while the Indian ayurveda purifies and detoxify the body (Zeithaml & Mary, 1996). When customers attend treatment at Damai Spa, they are guaranteed other supplementary services. These include the provision of a robes and scandals for comfort. Secured lockers will make the patients keep safe their personal belonging even though the management is not responsible for the losses (Damai Spa Singapore n.d.). The Spa further prohibits smoking and drinking in the premises to ensure patients enjoy tranquility and peace. In addition, the spa etiquette enables the patients to shower before body checks and Damai Spa has the fitness center that is geared towards wellness enthusiasts while looking for innovative ways that restores balance in the lives and for total rejuvenation. The fitness center includes yoga, bollywood, capoiera and hip hop dance. All these enables the customers to engage in fat burning, strengthening exercise and provides professional advice on nutritional and healthy lifestyle. To supplement the fitness center, recreational facilities like swimming pool, studio, badminton courts, and oasis poolside restaurant are available (Damai Spa Singapore n.d.). The marketing of services requires customization of services and this explains why the wellness center offers attention to each member (Vedulla, 2005). Special fees charged attracts customers and affordable to the members. The technology wellness key is easy to use by the members and stores data that is communicated to the gym equipment. The key can also guide the members through each exercise hence a training strength. In addition, Damai Spa salon services provide a variety of services. These include hair cut, hair color, shine lights, and hair permitting and hair treatment at affordable rates. This wide variety ofi services makes customers have selection choice and therefore enhancing their satisfaction. The services are charged at different rates, which make the spa serve various classes of people. The salons are situated in natural and ser ene environments that ensure comfort and satisfaction. In all the categories of services that are provided, Damai considers the diverse nature of people’s values, customs, and rituals. These diversities are blended in a manner that ensures harmony of the four-wellness philosophies. The Damai couples journey a selection and seasonal fruits served and herbal tea

Public Safety Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Public Safety Management - Research Paper Example In eliminating these problems and heightening the performance of the public safety department, a leader needs to move back and forth between the four styles identified by Hersey & Blanchard in their situational leadership model. A leader capacity to offer support for the workers depends on his or her capacity to offer a motivating environment. In this context, employees should receive support and coaching needed to carry out their tasks, this would build morale among the workers. This hands-off approach employed by a situational leader with committed and highly skilled workers can motivate the workers to work at their full capacity. A situational leader offers a supportive work environment to workers of every skill level. Employing this leadership approach can increase workers morale, and create a productive working environment. The basic assumption of situational leadership is that leaders have to adjust their style to the maturity of the follower depending on the readiness and will ingness to carry out the required duties (Mackay, 2007). There exist four styles of leadership that accompany the four combinations of low/high willingness and readiness. The four styles suggest that leaders should put less or greater attention on the task (task orientation) in question and/or the relationship between the follower and the leader (relationship orientation). The leader efficacy in this case would result from employing a behavioral style that is fitting to the environmental demands to increase morale, lessen or diminish hostility and discrimination, and reduce or diminish ill treatment of minority groups. According to the situation leadership framework, the leader’s effectiveness would result from employing a behavioral style that is fitting to the work... The paper tells that the type of budget management approach suitable for this case is the participative or bottom up approach. In the participative approach, employees are normally more readily to accept the budget, morale is also improved, and the budget input is offered by numerous persons. The budget process is normally initiated by the top management using general budget guideline, nonetheless, it is the lower level personnel’ that drive the budget development for their particular units. Connecting the budget to the entire corporate strategy as represented by numerous key business drivers would also be an advantageous budget. In using the linking approach, it is much more complex for leaders to twist the budget as they wish because this clearly weakens the organizational strategy. When all the available funds are allocated into the targeted activities, it becomes clear when someone tries to redirect funds into the development of unnecessary areas. Incorporating business dr ivers into the budget also tends to decrease the duration needed to complete the budget as less time is spent on budgeting minutia and political battles. The personnel issues relating to promotions and race relations would be addressed by barrier-elimination measures to get rid of or change discriminatory practices against the minority groups, and also positive or special measures, which can eliminate the residue for past discrimination especially for the minority group.

Walking Through the Baroque Music Era Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Walking Through the Baroque Music Era - Essay Example Since the era was of absolute monarchy, the life of the nation would center around the exploits of the current leader. And such influence would be seen in all the structures in the country. Of course, spectacular musical and theatrical performances would be staged for the benefit of the monarchs and their foreign visitors. In other words, artists during that time served as instruments for the monarchs to stay or rise in rank. Moreover, JM Howard highlighted three major points vital in the formation of the Baroque as a historical musical era. First is reformation and counter-reformation, second is the existence of the wealthy families of Europe, and third is the desire of the Europe courts to maintain an image. The Reformation and the Counter-Reformation: Since the 17th century became more like a competition between recruiting parties of the Catholic and Protestant parties, many artists and musicians were able to perform on several concerts that were put up to convince people what the best church is. The Wealthy Families of Europe: Since during the 17th century, monarchs and aristocrats ruled, there was a need to somehow show the peasants that the ruling class had soft side, which would be shown through their taste in music. According to Thornburgh, music from the Baroque period is a mixture of many styles: there is Italian, French, English, and German Baroque music; early, middle, and late Baroque music; and even secular and sacred Baroque music. And of course, one must not forget. to mention the different personal styles of the many composers and musicians. Having said that, it would definitely be hard to clearly define what Baroque music is like because of its numerous elements. However, Thornburgh said there is a way to describe Baroque music in a more particular manner, and that is through its musical instruments, stylistic elements, and musical esthetic. Baroque Musical Instruments Voice. Being the oldest musical instrument, the voice would probably thought of being the most natural tool for music making. However, a true Baroque singer is very well-trained and is in many ways different from today's opera singers. Thornburgh said the difference is that Baroque singers accentuate the "difference in tone color between lower and higher registers" as compared to having "uniformity of tone color for which today's voice strives across the vocal range." Moreover,

Media essay comparing Essay Example for Free

Media essay comparing Essay The use of this threat, which suggests cannibalism, something that still horrifies a lot of people, is particularly effective and still used in films such as Silence of the lambs. Pip certainly portrays an effective show of fear. In the 1997 version Finn, rather looks well cared for and certainly able to defend himself. When Robert De Niro enters as Magwitch he does look rather rough and his use of very graphic language is meant to be representative of the fact that he is not well educated where as in the David Lean version even though Magwitch was ill mannered he did not swear. When grabbed by Magwitch Finn doesnt look quite as scared as he is meant to. He is not able to answer question except to nod or make some gurgling noises as Magwitchs hand is covering his mouth all the while. As the 1944 version follows the novel closely the convict is able to pick Pip up and place him on a tombstone and tilt him back to a position where he (the convict) is Pips only support and the fact that throughout the whole rough treatment he gets from Magwitch he is constantly polite and uses the respectful title sir, when it is quite clear that Magwitch is no gentleman makes the audience feel even more sympathetic towards him. As the 1997 version of the movie is shot at a beach there is no way that Magwitch could have picked Finn up and place him on a tombstone, although in my opinion he could have tilted him back from the boat nearby so that if Magwitch let go he would fall into the ocean. As for body language on the whole I think that Pip was able to demonstrate his fear far better than Finn in the 1997 version. I found the actions and body language of Magwitch equally daunting in both films. In the 1944 version we do not get to see the Convicts face properly which leads the audience think of him as a very sinister and frightening figure, as on could imagine him in anyway they like. To oppose that we see Pips face quite clearly and the fear etched into it. In the 1997 version we have only a fleeing vision of the convicts face before the camera zooms in on Pips face and w can only see the convicts hand which is covering his moth. I believe the 1944 version was more successful in creating a Magwitch that was fearsome to all. I believe casting had a hug part to play in this as well, because I had grown p watching Robert De Niro movies and I have seen him appear in many of my favourite movies in the role of many of my favourite characters and it was very hard for me to think of him as the evil and sinister looking Magwitch as I had other impressions from him. On the other hand as the 1944 version was made years before I was born I had no idea who the actors were and I had no impressions of them before I watched the movie and I am sure if I come across a movie with Finlay Currie cast in a different role I would still think of hi as Abel Magwitch. People usually go to movies to escape their reality for a brief spell of time, the fact that David Lean chose to have his cast wearing Victorian customs makes it easier for the audience to feel transported into another era easier than the 1997 version where the director chose to have the costumes modernized along with everything else. On the whole I think that David Leans version of Great Expectations was more successful in creating tension and suspense. The fact that the movie is in black and white and that it portrays grim and harsh surroundings as opposed to the beautiful and sunny location of the 1997 version of the film where it was very hard for me to feel the slightest bit of tension although there was a considerable amount produced by the sudden appearance of the convict I didnt feel it was enough or that it did any justice to the book which in my opinion is one of the best ever written and nowadays I often come across writers who have tried to reproduce novels the same way Dickens did. I preferred the 1944 David Lean version because I felt it did justice to the book and gratified my expectations in creating a cataclysm of mounting tension. Niloofar Bozorgi 10R 1 Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Great Expectations section.

Leadership Challenge Moving To Leadership Business Essay

Leadership Challenge Moving To Leadership Business Essay Everyone in their professional career usually starts their career from bottom and work to reach at top of the career ladder. During the course of professional career, individuals become proficient in work, gain respect from the whole management and eventually becomes a valued member of the organization. On getting promoted as a leader of that same team within which we have been working with so far certainly is an advantageous offering however coupled with several problems and challenges. However, being promoted within the same team is advantageous up to a certain extent as that individual would be aware about the policies and procedures and working environment as well as expected problems often encountered by the team, individual would also face several challenges while leading a team. The problems and challenges arise in a sense that when other employees who have been working for a longer duration than that of the individual being promoted and possess more experience might feel that they actually deserve the promotional hike. Also, problems arise owing to the assertiveness often expressed in meetings and words by the individual. Consequently, individuals being offered promotional hikes and promotional offerings entail to gain respect from the team and getting the things done without thinking that the power or authority has been moved to individuals head. Additionally, several things are ought to consider to smoothen the transition process of promotion. Primarily individual has to stop beating head and applaud on promotion as dynamics of the team are changed to a large extent and individual have to embrace the changed circumstances. Another key initiative is to show explicit value and support and listening to other team members ideas to even the process of promotional transition (Case Studies). Case II: Leadership Challenge: Juggling Cultures Several cases of bi-diversity are common in the Middle East with subject of leadership of women at workplace. Government is certainly putting in tremendous efforts towards recognition of women in the society and inclusiveness in different sectors of the economy. It is the key requirement of organizations to incorporate flexibility in corporate cultures in order to respect and consider individual needs. While comparing with the scenario in western countries, it is required in Arab countries to broach such issues within the cultural sensitivities and tradition and culture. In large organizations, it has been determined that they are in a better profitable state and quarter attributing to success while having female employees in senior leadership. Moreover having female executives in senior leadership leads to bringing of new perspectives as well as new innovative ideas. In the context of the case organization, the officials contemplate in selection of male executive over female executive for arranging deals with Saudi Arabian clients. The environment in Saudi Arabian organizations is inflexible characterized by male biased talent management systems and culture. Throwing light on the case situation, it would be effectual to select a male executive over female executive owing to the conservative biased system prevailing across Arabian countries. The selection and choice of male executive is justified to comply with the conservative and male dominated organizations and clients (Case Studies). Case III: What Leadership Characteristics Does Reuben Mark Possess? Reuben Mark professional accomplishments are legendary who is considered as a niche player for almost all the time of his career in one of the most valuable companies operating across the globe, especially in terms of market capitalization. Colgate-Palmolive is a leading consumer goods company serving in two hundred countries across the globe. Several business organizations would strive to achieve level of success and aspire to achieve a competitive edge likewise of Colgate-Palmolive. The case is primarily digging out the management style of Reuben Mark and his management and leadership style. Mark the leader possesses dynamic personality whose genius and innovation contributed successfully towards the growth of the company. Being one of the prominent leaders in the market and entire corporate world, Marks leadership style can be visualized as with tremendous clarity. Reuben Mark is certainly a willful and driven leader and the products and services directed under his supervision have raised the development and commercialization of brand in the market. At the same time, the leadership style of Ruben Mark has been intensely focused with strong commitment and confidence in taking risky leaps. Mark is also considered as a charismatic that has successfully solicited employee legions as well as customers in the relentless pursuit of his ambitions and aspirations. The exclusive style of leadership has also helped the company to shape the unique and powerful culture within the environment owing to his seemingly constructive behaviors (Case Studies). Case IV: Leadership Challenge: The In-Group Applicant Individuals hired through employee referrals tend to have a longer duration of association with the company in comparison than those of individuals hired through other methods of recruitment. Today, employers of business organizations try to determine the effectiveness of employee referrals and compare with other hiring methods. At the time of hiring, several factors are taken into consideration pertains to determine effectiveness such as overall hiring costs, performance of employees, employee retention rate. They tend to ponder these key aspects to narrow the field of best pool of candidates. Also, the current and existing staff gets benefitted by an incoming of lucrative salaries packages and recognition they get at the time of every hiring on their recommendation. In the context of the business case, the manager faces a contemplating situation of hiring an assistant manager on the basis of strong reference by his office manager. The office manager recommends the name of one of his family members for the job and the one is effectively suitable for the offered job profile. With an aim to get his family member into the job, the office manager tries to convince his manager to not to take risk with other outsider/stranger becoming his assistant. He sees this opportunity to build strong relationship with the company and is therefore motivated to refer to his family member. Recruiting talent in todays competitive market is certainly a difficult and tedious job and therefore employee referral program has been seen as an effective strategy to hire new employees (Case Studies). Case V: Leadership in Action: The Caring Dictator: Understanding and embracing a team is the main talent of a leader who is essentially thinking out in a creative manner and whose style of leading is based on his or her strengths. The best leaders of the industry allow leaders to emerge as reach to the top premier position in their professional career ladder. In todays fast paced world and competitive era, it has been determined that best leaders are ones those who bring out and build best leaders and not the best followers. The traditional military kind of leadership style is no longer proven to be effective. Nowadays, the leadership is more to be executed in a dynamic way depending on changing circumstances and changing needs of the team. At times, it takes the way of coaching; sometimes it is executed as visionary and is therefore termed as situational. In the context of the business case, Jack Hartnett is more of an affilitative leader who appears to rely on creation and building of emotional and companion bonds with other team members as well as subordinates. According to Jack Hartnett, if we sum up his vision in terms of leadership style, then it would be people come first. The affilitative style of Jack Hartnett has been proved to be highly successful during the times of relieving from stress and mental trauma, and even at the time building of trust. Jack Hartnett essentially put a greater reliance on praise and appreciation to foster performance (Case Studies). Case VI: Janine Bay of Ford Focuses on Interpersonal Skills: In todays competitive and changing times, leaders are mainly focusing on leveraging and utilizing their strengths and try to support and compensate their weaknesses to achieve organizational directives. Leaders are continually recognizing the significance of fact to concentrate and focus up on ones preeminent attributes and initiate efforts to compensate certain shortcomings and weaknesses coming their way to achieve greater success as well as positive self regard. The case study pertaining to Janine Bay, one of the top executives of a large corporation, Ford Motor Company articulates her journey so far in the professional career and how she managed to achieve zenith with her unique style of leadership. According to her insightful thoughts, an individual could not find recognizing his/her strengths a much difficult task in which they excel. The harder point is realizing out ones weakness. Another key fact of managing effectual leadership within a team is a teamwork that works like a fuel allowing people to achieve set and established directives. As per the views of Janine Bay, it is imperative to build an effective communication to members of the team group while allowing them to respond with innovative ideas and become a vital part of the visioning process. Appropriate communication as well as effective listening has been emerged as key components of undertaking successful leadership (Case Studies). PART II Based on your knowledge of the field of management and your personal definition of leadership, how are management and leadership similar or different? Write your answer after discussing it with a business leader. Leadership and Management are often seen as different terms by several people and terms have been even used interchangeably at workplaces. On the basis of personal experience gained from several field researches and scrutinizing industrial and organizational scenarios in todays competitive environment, a vast relationship can be established between management and leadership. Particularly, it has been observed that management requires good leadership styles which mean effective management is carried out with the support of effective leadership. For instance, at times when managers in large organizations are required to persuade his team members to his point and his view to facts, it is then handled out and managed effectively with the use of mixed leadership skills. Both goes hand in hand as the main focus of the manager here would be to be a good leader in the team who is able to manipulate and influence others views and decisions, ultimately involved effective dealing with people. An encounter with the business leader, who is the successful entrepreneur operating well in the area of fast food restaurants in the Emirate of Dubai has resulted in the emerge of several surprising and astonishing facts in the area of leadership and management. On having a formal meeting and discussion with him, it was essentially determined that an individual could be a great leader and an individual could also be a great manager, only the difference being that both the area requires a slightly differential set of skills and competencies. Where management is resulting in producing order and consistency in the process of operations and flow of work, leadership is resulting in change and movement up to a certain level within the process. The management in any organization includes a vast array of activities such as planning and budgeting, setting of agendas, preparation of timetables, allocation of resources, setting of rules and procedures, hiring, organizing, problem solving as well as taking corrective actions spontaneously. Leadership on the hand requires an individual to set direction, clarify the big picture and prepare strategies, communication of goals and responsibilities, alignment of tasks, seeking commitment, building teams, motivating peers and subordinates, and satisfy unmet needs and wants. As it has already been mentioned above that both leadership and management goes hand in hand, both the fields certainly requires human skills, conceptual skills and technical skills. Also, with the closing of discussion with the fast food business owner promoting healthy and happy lifestyles, he stressed on the fact that leadership is certainly required to set a new direction in the business like for example in their business targeting a new customer segment would require an individual leader to take an initiative to lead the team of members to conduct market research. At the same time, this requires effective management skills by the individual to plan and organize about the financial resources, time constraints, staff required etc. Indeed, there is no end to overlap of leadership and management.

Kurt Donald Cobain Essay -- Nirvana Music Musical Essays Biography

Kurt Donald Cobain The subject of this writing, is on a man who changed music; a man on the level of Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, and Jim Morrison. This individual is Kurt Donald Cobain from the revolutionary grunge/rock band, Nirvana. While some people would never consider Cobain to hold a major role in the shaping of our music and culture today, they haven’t taken the time to look around. Many people overlook the fact that music played a huge role in the lives of Americans during the 90’s. Someday history books will probably even make note of the influence this rocker had on the decade. Kurt Cobain was born February 20, 1967 in a small town near Seattle, Washington. His family soon-after moved to Aberdeen, Washington. This period of his life was a difficult one because his parents divorced and he didn’t have much ambition to do much more than hanging out with his friends. Struggles with his parents caused him to move back and forth between them and to eventually move in with relatives. (The Cobain Memorial) The location didn’t aid the struggling teen’s life as Kurt said, â€Å"Aberdeen was nothing but rednecks and guns and booze.† He eventually found jobs as janitor and a YMCA lifeguard, but that was not quite the improvement a troubled teen needed. Kurt also struggled with fitting in during his school years. He spent much of his time hanging out with girls because he couldn’t deal with the generally macho attitudes of the guys in his school. He said, â€Å"I'm a heterosexual . . . big deal. But if I was a homosexual, it wouldn't matter either.† He ended up dropping out of high school shortly before graduation. (Kurt Cobain World) It was around this period of time that the professional career of Kurt began to ... ...X -Serial Joe -Muse -The Moto-Litas -Bush -Eleven -Therapy? -Crash Rickshaw -The Flys -Chopper One -Travis -Super Deluxe -Placebo -Rancid -Weezer -Sevendust -Rip Dizzy -The Vines -Moist -Everclear -Oleander -Taking Back Sunday -Deviates -Melon Diesel -Radiohead That list shows the power Nirvana and Kurt Cobain had on the art of music. (CD-Now) Works Cited Simpson, Travis. â€Å"Kurt Cobain Page† Last accessed September 8, 2002. http://ulfansiteforyou.bizhosting.com/forkurt.html Anderson, Andre. â€Å"The Cobain Memorial† Last accessed September 8, 2002 http://www.cobain.com Bà ¡ez, Xavier. â€Å"Kurt Cobain’s Biography and Nirvana History† Last accessed September 8, 2002. http://www.geocities.com/SunsetStrip/Venue/6582/Nirvana/kurt-biography.html "Nirvana: Related Artists" Last accessed September 8, 2002. http://www.cdnow.com

Comparison of The Little Boy Lost and The Little Boy Found :: English Literature

Comparison of The Little Boy Lost and The Little Boy Found The Little Boy Lost and The Little Boy Found are two poems that are quite different to each other, in the aspect of language used, themes and ideas, and imagery. I shall look at each poem in detail in this essay, along with the different ideas that I get from them. In The Little Boy Lost, the first stanza of the poem gives the reader images of a father ignoring, possibly abandoning his son and walking away from him. This stanza is written in first person, to show us how confused the boy is. The language the boy uses in the first stanza could tell us that his father is walking away from him completely out-of-the-blue, and he does not know what he has done and does not know why his father is leaving him. In the second stanza, we can truly see the effects of a little boy being lost. The images we get are of a young child, alone, with â€Å"no father there†, and â€Å"wet with dew†. And the language in the second stanza is the typical language describing a lost child, scared and crying. But, the â€Å"vapour† in line 4 of the second stanza could symbolise a lost and confused child going towards a light, trying anything to get out of the darkness, and the feeling of loneliness. However, in The Little Boy Found, we can tell from the title that this poem will be more optimistic and positive. In the first stanza, in the first two lines, the imagery hasn’t changed from A Little Boy Lost, a child lost and crying. But, in the last two lines of this stanza, God appears before him. This contrasts to The Little Boy Lost because his father abandoned him, but God, the â€Å"Father† to all living things comes to find him. And the introduction of the colour white in the darkness extends the idea that this poem will be more optimistic than The Little Boy Lost. In the second stanza, God takes the child back to his mother. The child’s mother is oblivious to her child being taken away,

Afghan War to Drone Attacks: Legality Under Ihl Essay

Introduction: Since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001,And American starting Global War on Terror and attacks on Afghanistan in persuit of AL-QAEDA and TALIBAN as they were alleged to be involved in attacks of 9/11.Pakistan being a neighboring state also got effected by this war and a series of Suicide bombing started due to Pakistan’s alliance with American as frontline strategic partner in this war .Similarly more dangerous area in Pakistan was Tribal Areas along Afghan boarder and many militants escaping from Afghanistan came to these areas and allegedly planed attacks on allies forces fighting in Afghanistan. So Americans expanded this war inside the Pakistani Boarder for attacking militants by Drone Attacks. Drone attacks in Pakistan are one of the most important and controversial aspects of the Bush as well as Obama Administration’s approach to fighting terrorism. The legality of drones has been questioned for a variety of reasons, some more grounded in fact than others, but in spite of these criticisms there is little question that the use of drones in surveillance and combat roles is on the rise international law has had to grapple with the fundamental challenges that large-scale violence carried out by non-State actors poses to the traditional inter-State orientation of international law. Questions related to the â€Å"adequacy† and â€Å"effectiveness† of international humanitarian law, international human rights law and the law related to the use of force have been particularly pronounced†¦ The first reported use of a â€Å"drone† was in 1919, when the inventor of autopilot technology and the gyroscope, Elmer Sperry, sunk a German battleship with a pilotless aircraft. The Vietnam War saw drones used for surveillance purposes. Drones have the advantage of being able to gather valuable intelligence without the inherent risk to human life that a traditional way by a piloted craft would pose. Base for the Use of Drones: Drones base can be found from the speech of American President Bush while he was addressing joint session of American Congress and House of Representstive shortly after 9/11 stating that â€Å"We will direct every resource at our command, every means of diplomacy, every tool of intelligence, every instrument of law enforcement, every financial influence, and every necessary weapon of war, to attack and to the defeat of the global terror network.† The Bush Administration found great value in drone technology and used attack drones against targets in several countries, including Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iraq.Under President Obama, the use of attack drones has notably accelerated. The Taliban, subdued but not defeated, has not become a non-violent political force in the new Afghanistan. Nature of Pak-Afghan Border , Its Effect: .The border between Afghanistan and Pakistan may separate two sovereign States as a matter of law, but the Durand Line rarely functions as such in practice. This is the Pakhtun heartland, a transnational tribal cultural geographical region with large populations of Pashtuns on either side of the border. It is because of this intermingling of culture and allegiance that the area is frequently referred to as â€Å"Pak-Afghan† It is here where Al Qaeda’s then first- and second-in-command, Osama bin Laden and Ayman al-Zawahiri, were generally believed to be hiding until bin Laden was killed in an American raid on May 1, 2011 in Abbottabad, Pakistan. So due to this close relationship between the residence of Pak Afghan boarder people use to come here and there acrose the border .So it becomes necessary for fighting terrorism to take actions on both sides of Pak Afghan border, But it does not mean that the forces acting in Afghanistan have free hand to attack even in the territory of Pakistan whenever and however they want. These attacks have to be in limitations of the rules of IHL. Drones, Importance in Targeting Terrorist: It is undeniable that American drone attacks in northwest Pakistan have had a significant impact in terms of deaths and injuries to civilians and damage to civilian objects. In light of the stated purpose of these attacks, to facilitate the defeat of the Taliban and its Al Qaeda allies, this quantum of harm may or may not be justifiable in terms of ’morality, ethics or policy, but these considerations are not, or are at least not wholly, considerations that determine ’the legal analysis.For example, it is possible to support the use of drone attacks, either in particular situations or entirely, as a matter of morality, ethics or policy, and still conclude that any attack is unlawful. The inverse position is also possible. whether or not drone attacks are legal under international law related to the use of force is not dispositive as to their legality under international humanitarian law. As with the juxtaposition of considerations of morality, ethics and policy, there need not be any correlation between ’the legal analysis under the law related to the use of force and’ the legal analysis under international humanitarian law. As a matter of law, these are completely separate analyses. The legal determination of what constitutes â€Å"the battlefield† has particular significance for the use of drones, particularly armed drones. This is because â€Å"the battlefield† is used to effectively define the scope of IHL’s application. In situations outside the scope of IHL, international human rights law (IHRL) applies. Further IHL allows for lethal force to be employed based upon the status of the target. A member of the enemy’s forces may be targeted with lethal force based purely on his status as a member of those forces. That individual does not have to pose a current threat to friendly forces or civilians at the time of targeting. In contrast, IHRL permits lethal force only after a showing of dangerousness. Under IHRL, lethal force may only be employed if the individual poses an imminent threat to law enforcement officers attempting arrest or to other individuals. Further, IHRL requires that an opportunity to surrender be offered before lethal force is employed. Controversy Regarding Application of IHL on Drone Attacks: Before assessing the lawfulness of each American drone attack in northwest Pakistan under international humanitarian law, it is necessary to first draw the distinction in law between situations of violence and situations of armed conflict and then to understand how international humanitarian law classifies situations of armed conflict. International humanitarian law did not provide a clear definition of armed conflict, despite the fact that international humanitarian law’s application relies upon the existence of an armed conflict.None of the Four Geneva Conventions of1949, nor either of the two 1977 Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions define armed conflict, and the consensus view is that the existence of an armed conflict is determined on the basis of the particular facts and circumstances.Major Cause of this ambiguity is long Afghan War and its different phases having different legal scope. Changing Nature Of Afghan Conflict: The armed conflict in the land of Afghanistan is one of the longest conflicts in world history. The nature of the conflict has changed with the course of time. The war with spears, swords, cannons, guns and now the hottest; Drones. Simultaneously, the dynamics of humanitarian law cannot be ignored. The law of war was not that explicit in ancient times like the way they are now. We will assess the conflict status after 9/11 attack. The period since then can be divided into two phase: * 7th October 2001 to 19th June 2002 * June 2002 to present If we discard the armed conflict of Afghanistan post 9/11 then it will be hard to understand the changing trend. On 12th September 2001. A resolution no.1368 has been passed by Security Council which legalized the war (Operation enduring freedom) on terror by US in the land of Afghanistan. The contention from the side of US was right to self defense and collective rights. The intervention of such nature gives rise to following upshots: * The armed opposition on one side and the intervening state/states supporting the other side keeping the nature of the conflict as non-international armed conflict; The discrepancy in the warfare technology is one of the causes behind this. As US is equipped with high tech war machines while on the other hand the armed opposition are far more inferior. This led them to shift hostilities in a different level to cope up with the opponent. Hence, they have started targeting crowded areas among civilians. This finally resulted in a blur to apply the principle of distinction between the combatants and non combatant. In the same manner While there is some disagreement about whether â€Å"combatant status† should be recognized in non-international armed conflicts, that dispute is irrelevant when it comes to questions concerning the status of members of al-Qaeda or other terrorist organizations. Because combatant status is based upon membership in a group that organizationally enforces â€Å"compliance with the rules of international law applicable in armed conflict. Groups such as al-Qaeda, whose means and methods of warfare include deliberately targeting civilians, cannot claim combatant status for their members. It should be emphasized that the behavior of an individual al-Qaeda member cannot confer combatant status. No matter how strictly an individual member of a non-privileged group adheres to IHL or how scrupulously they distinguish between civilian and military targets, they are never entitled to the combatant’s privilege and may therefore be criminally liable for attacks on members of an opposing armed force. Al-Qaeda does not, as some have suggested, have a â€Å"basic right to engage in combat against us† in response to our attacks. If al-Qaeda members are not combatants, then what are they? Like all people, IHL treats them as being presumptively civilians who, as a general rule are immune from targeting. If they are civilians than how American Harold H. Koh, legal adviser to the United States State Department relied on the Art 51 of UN charter for justification of Drones in Pakistani territory. This in term of humanitarian law is known as â€Å"Asymmetric warfare†. On 5th December 2001, an accord was made, known as Bonn Agreement which formed a Transitional administration in Afghanistan. With this emergency Loya Jirga, the one year old international armed conflict terminated but the hostilities continued from the side of the Taliban and Al-Qaeda. This type, this puppet government was striving hard against this opposition. This has taken a new shape of a non international armed conflict. At this point the application of the article 3(common article) of Geneva Convention, 1949 was no more questionable. The gravity of the new form was so grave that even customary International customary humanitarian law cannot be set aside. Where IHL Applies? And Status of Drones In Pakistani Territory: But a question remains over the legality of the US support in afghan war because there are some criteria which are required to be fulfilled to justify the attacks. The criteria are: > The armed opposition should have control over the territories of that country; > They (armed opposition) must have carried out, sustained and concerted military Operations. They must have control over the civilians in certain territory of that state; > The AdPII is not binding on the states who haven’t ratified it; > Even if they (US) ratify, they are not bound because, the AdPII is applicable in the conflict between a state actor and the non sate actor of that country (Article 1(1) of AdPII). On the basis of same arguments as Drones are part of this War on Terror but their targets are in Pakistan are of more grave nature as Allies Armies are not fighting in Pakistan or against Pakistan nor Americans are doing so because they are not in Conflict With Pakistan but in saying They are strategic partner in this War. And importantly like armed conflict, non international Armed conflict also have no definition under International Law which can cover this War on Terror as international or internal armed conflict so it became controversial that either these Drone Attacks are subject to IHL or IHRL due to doubtful nature of this War specially its actions in Pakistani territory, Because IHL only applies in International Armed conflict and requires some qualifications to become a combatant which can be summed up as under: A combatant is: 1) a member of the armed forces of a Party to the conflict (who then has the obligation to distinguish himself/herself from the civilian population); or 2) a member of another armed group (militias, organized resistance movements,†¦) belonging to a Party to the conflict, provided that such group fulfills the following conditions: a. that of being commanded by a person responsible for his subordinates; b. that of having a fixed distinctive sign recognizable at a distance; c. that of carrying arms openly; d. that of conducting their operations in accordance with the laws and customs of war. As Al Qaeda and Taliban does not have character of distinct uniform but have a strong command as known by whole world similarly they have training centers as American alleges that they have safe havens in Pakistan for training but does it mean that if Al Qaeda and Taliban does not folow any law the Allies and American forces should not follow any rule while acting against them? Though Al Qaeda’s suicide attackers also attacks on civilian without any distinct uniform as part of Al Qaeda so the forces could not identify them but it does not mean that the forces can kill any time to any one just in doubt of suicide ? Similarly if the answer to these questions is not in affirmative than whether the right to self defense extends to the territory of other state who have not a party in conflict? as American Attacks are of on such grounds as expressed by Harold H. Koh, legal adviser to the United States State Department, delivered the keynote address to the American Society of International Law on On March 25,2012. Prof Koh argued that drone attacks meet the legal principles set out in the law of war because they fall under the larger doctrine of `self-defense` and stated: â€Å"In an ongoing armed conflict the United States has the right to use Force including lethal force to defend itself including by targeting Persons such as high-level Al Qaeda leaders who are planning attacks†. Harold H. Koh’s stance and its Legal Implications: Koh held that the attacks are legal because they meet the principles of both `distinction` in that they are designed to target specific individuals in response to intelligence and `proportionality` — that is, they do not cause excessive loss of life in relation to the military or strategic goals thatare sought to be achieved by them. In response to the critique that targeted killings are never legal Koh argued that no legal process is required to inform those planning attacks against the United States. But if we consider Mr. Koh’s stance valid than it gives raise to many questions. For example, if the targeting of individuals was considered prima facie valid simply under the basis of self-defense then the war in Gaza (documented in the Goldstone Report) and hostilities against civilians in Sri Lanka, Congo etc would not need to be discussed by the relevant UN bodies? Simply put, if all extra-judicial targeted killings were so easily justified based on the pr- emises of self-defense then any nation could be allowed under the flimsiest of pretexts to encroach on another`s territory to kill individuals they believed were involved in hostile acts against it. As this doubtful nature of these attacks is clear from this part of my assignment . Answer to these questions are necessary before commenting on illegality of Drone Attacks because it will give us clear view that under which law these should be dealt IHL or IHRL? Drones ,A matter of IHL: Though some people think Drone just as a subject of IHRL but its not so simle to say this .Many interpretation of International Law by ICJ, ICTY, ICC ,most Importantly U.S Supreme Court as well as Israelian Court’s comments and Judgement clearly put this War in the ambit of IHL. Transnational Armed Conflict and Drones: But along this another term is of Transnational Armed Conflict which is more relevant to the nature of these attacks because The problem with these definitions of international and non-international armed conflict is that collectively they did not describe all the types of armed conflicts that might exist. It was possible for an armed conflict to satisfy neither of these definitions. The United States’ conflict with al-Qaeda could not be an international armed conflict because al-Qaeda was not a â€Å"High Contracting Party† to the Geneva Conventions. Yet it was also clearly not a non-international armed conflict as defined above because it was not internal to the United States. The existence of this purported â€Å"gap† in IHL’s coverage was felt most immediately by detainees in the conflict between al-Qaeda and the United States. Similarly An illustration of why this distinction between internal civil wars and transnational armed conflicts must be maintained. In a recent lawsuit brought by the ACLU against the Obama Administration. The ACLU attempted to enjoin drone strikes directed against Anwar al-Aulaqi, a prominent member of al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula. Although the ACLU conceded that strikes targeting al-Aulaqi would be governed by IHL if they were conducted in Af- ghanistan, they maintained that such strikes would be occurring â€Å"outside the context of armed conflict† if they were directed against al-Aulaqi in Yemen. Using the reasoning that underlies the strict geographical limitations on the scope of IHL described above, the ACLU argued that the absence of an armed conflict in Yemen foreclosed the application of IHL to anyone in Yemeni territory. Instead, the use of lethal force was governed by IHRL and might only be employed when al-Aulaqi presented a â€Å"concrete, specific, and imminent threat of death or serious physical injury† to others. Because the ACLU conceded that al-Aulaqi was targetable under IHL in Afghanistan, the legal basis for their claim was based upon where al-Aulaqi was rather than upon who he was. Similarly Israel’s Supreme Court put situation under IHL, where a state is fighting against a non state actor, the Israeli Supreme Court was tasked with assessing the lawfulness of Israel’s policy of targeted killings in the West Bank and Gaza. Between the outbreak of the Second Intifada in 2000 and 2005, Israel’s targeted killing policy resulted in the death of nearly 300 suspected terrorists, over 100 civilian deaths and hundreds of injuries. The most famous example of this policy was the 2004 attack on Sheikh Ahmed Yassin, founding member of Hamas, when an Israeli helicopter gunship killed him in Gaza. In discussing whether an armed conflict paradigm applied to Israel’s targeted killing policy, the court boldly stated that â€Å"there is no doubt today that an armed conflict may take place between a state and groups or organizations that are not states, inter alia because of the military abilities and weapons in the possession of such organizations and their willingness to use them.† The court was also clearly influenced by the State Attorney Office’s argument that Israel had suffered proportionately a much greater loss in terms of terrorism victims during the period under review than the United States had on September 11, and that these attacks were in the nature of an â€Å"‘unceasing, continuous and murderous barrage of attacks, which are directed against Israelis wherever they are, without any distinction between soldiers and civilians or between men, women and children.† Thus, Targeted Killings’ main contribution to the discussion lies in its focus on the willing use of violence on a significant scale by an organized group. The Tadic Case: Application of IHL on non state actors in Transnational Conflict: In Tadic’s Case The ICTY acknowledged this â€Å"overlap† understanding of armed conflict in its 1999 Tadic’s judgment when it stated: It is indisputable that an armed conflict is international if it takes place between two or more States. In addition, in case of an internal armed conflict breaking out on the territory of a State, it may become international (or, depending upon the circumstances, be international in character alongside an internal armed conflict) if (i) another State intervenes in that conflict through its troops, or alter- natively if (ii) some of the participants in the internal armed conflict act on behalf of that other State. This concept was further developed it in Boskoski, where it determined that fighting between Macedonian security forces and the Albanian National Liberation Army constituted an armed conflict. The test consists of two prongs: (1) the intensity of the conflict, and (2) the organization of the parties thereto. In addition, the Boskoski court laid out factors relevant to the satisfaction of each prong in a lengthy opinion that sheds light on the highly fact-specific nature of the inquiry, particularly where one of the parties is a non-state actor. Under the Boskoski analysis, fighting between al Qaeda and the United States constitutes an armed conflict, permi-tting the United States to conduct targeted killings of al Qaeda fighters. Similarly U.S Supreme Court in some judgements relating to Afghan war also declared this as an Armed conflict The Federal court on enforcement says that the US government considers itself in war with Afghanistan. The efforts from the executive branch have always been to portray the situation in Afghanistan asan armed conflict. This statement has also been supported by the congress. The standpoint over the detention of the terrorists has been endorsed by US courts also its judgements linked with issues arising from Afghan. Consent of Pakistani Gov’t And Its Effect On Legal Status of Drones: Another argument is most commonly given that all the attacks are with the consent of Pakistani Gov’t but if its so than what is proof ,is there any treaty in this regard? If its only verbal than its existence is doubtful at all .Another main thing which contradict existence of any understanding on these attacks is the statements of Pakistani Officials including P.M , Foreign Minister and many others condemning these attacks publically as well as officially so no Question of Consent remains valid. Specifically It is also worth mentioning in this context that Pakistani Minister of State for Foreign Affairs Hina Rabbani Khar’s condemnation of American drone attacks in northwest Pakistan on March 17, 2011 was phrased in the language of armed conflict: such strikes constitute a matter of serious concern and raise issues regarding respect for human rights and humanitarian law. Irresponsible and unlawf ul conduct cannot be justified on any grounds’. Admittedly, the Minister of State’s statement was not particularly clear in recognizing that the United States was engaged in an armed conflict with the Taliban and its Al Qaeda allies on the Pakistani side of the Durand Line, but it is a legally significant admission that contributes to the case for the existence of an armed conflict in northwest Pakistan , Proceeding from the position that the situation of violence that the United States is engaged in War with the Taliban and its Al Qaeda allies in northwest Pakistan amounts to an armed conflict, international humanitarian law would be the appropriate legal frame of reference for assessing the lawfulness of individual drone attacks in northwest Pakistan. Is Pakistan’s Inability to Trace and Attack Militants Justifies Drone Attacks? Now the next argument is for the justification of these drones is that Pakistan do not have ability to tackle these terrorist so that’s why American are intervening for striking them .Is it not a violation of the rights of a sovereign state to have respect of his territorial area by non-interference by others without due process of law .This view is clearly upheld by ICJ in case of In Democratic Republic of Congo case, the retaliation from the side of Uganda due to the previous intrusion of Congo raised the issue to armed conflict. It was held that Congo’s inability to take any action against the militant does not give any right to Uganda to commit an act of incursion and attack the group themselves. Victims of Drones under IHL: Though the purpose of drone is to counter terrorist but statistics shows that among them there are many civilians, A study at Stanford and New York University titled ‘Living Under Drones’ claimed that only two percent of drone strike casualties in Pakistan are top militants, and that the large number of related civilian deaths turn Pakistanis against the US. The study revealed that number of casualties among Pakistani civilians was far higher than the US acknowledged. The NAF report covers the period between 2004 and February 24, 2010, its date of publication. Particularly striking is that the number of drone attacks that took place during the first fifty-five days of 2010 were, at eighteen, exactly twice the number of drone attacks that took place during the entire four years from 2004 to 2007. Overall, during the almost six years and two months covered by the study, the United States carried out 114 drone attacks, resulting in between 830 and 1,210 total deaths, with between 550 and 850 of the dead being militants. This means that slightly more than 30% of deaths from drone attacks in the study were civilian deaths, with the percentage dropping to slightly less than 25% if one focuses only on 2009, the most active year covered by the study. Basic Principles of IHL and Their Observance In Drone Attacks: As its clear that Drones are subject to follow the IHL. But if we examine their style of attacking and their targets and effectees as mentioned in previous heading we can say that Drones are even violating the fundamental principles of IHL Principal of proportionality and Distinction: Given that the United States has conducted almost 300 drone attacks in northwest Pakistan in recent years and that international humanitarian law would require an exacting and individualized assessment for each of these attacks, space constraints preclude broad and sweeping generalizations about the compliance of each of these attacks under this branch of law. International humanitarian law is extraordinarily fact intensive, and the meaning attached to many of its key principles, in particular the principle of proportionality, is often contested and prone to political manipulation. First, although international humanitarian law recognizes that it is unable to eliminate the scourge of war .and instead endeavours to master it and mitigate its effects, the principle of proportionality does not forbid collateral damage when such damage is outweighed by a particular Attacks concrete and direct military advantage anticipated. Of course, international humanitarian law does prohibit disproportionate attacks. The principle of distinction and the underlying principle of proportionality are the most fundamental principles of humanitarian law. The principle of distinction embodies the concept that the effects of war must be limited to combatants and military objectives as much as is feasible. Civilians and civilian objects should be spared and may not be targeted. However, it is clear that collateral damage as such is not necessarily unlawful under international humanitarian law and that proportionality is a calculus of intangibles that balances military and civilian concerns. Proportionality must be assessed within the context of particular facts and circumstances, and conclusions of law cannot be drawn in abstracto. With this understanding of the international humanitarian law principle of proportionality, one can begin to assess the legal implications of the drone attack that killed Baitullah Mehsud. When Hellfire missiles from an American Predator drone killed Mehsud in South Waziristan, it was reported that he perished along with his wife, his mother- and father-in law, seven bodyguards and a TTP lieutenant. Though in present circumstances, and involvement of international politics its difficult to solve the problems peacefully specially terrorism .But it does not mean this necessity gives free hand to fight war without any rules As there is customary law of war in shape of conventions, and necessity of war is also there subject to rule of Distinction which provides that during war distinction must be kept in mind between military targets and civilian objects .So attacks on Masajid,Madaris Houses as well as on wedding ceremonies are illegal under the rule of Distinction. IHL does not declares war as illegal but accepts the military necessity and regulate the use of force by providing that only military object should be targets even though some civilians also get effect from it. But should be minute, this lose in language of IHL is known as collateral damagebut the rule of customary law applies on all states regardless of their ratification by that state. In short if we examine the causalities of Drone Attacks a huge number of Civil Victims are there. Similarly many attacks have destroyed houses Masajid and Madaris which is against the rules of IHL dealing with lawful targets. As the General Rule is that the benefit of doubt will go to the accused ,the same principle is adopted in IHL prohibiting attacks on such targets about which you are having a doubt that it have some civilian nature.Though its difficult to draw line distinction .r Proportionality but maximum care must be taken.But in Drones it was also not observed. Even against enemies only such amount of force or wapon can be used which only compels him to accept defeat ,and the purpose of war is to overtake opponent and not its extermination. Conclusion: Drone Attacks along Pak-Afghan Border inside the territory of Pakistan are important in a way that they developed some new concepts in International Law ,especially in IHL. If we see from the perspective of Americans and their Ally’s view it seems that The drone campaign raises fundamental questions of the acceptability of violence as a form of conflict resolution. Further the confusing nature of Afghan Issue also stops the way to argue from one legal angle to discuss validity of drones. A question can be raised that Drones are being used in Pakistan than why a detailed discussion on Afghan War given? But in reality World has become a global village so no one can be assessed in isolation specially Pak-Afghan area ,having strong ties in all dimensions of Life International Relations. As here Drones were discussed under IHL but if there is some doubt about the application of IHL than necessarily IHRL will apply and assessment under UDHR also invalidates the application of Drones violating fundamental rights like Right to Fair Trail, Representation by Counsel, Right to Life and Freedom Of Movement, etc .But it’s a separate detailed discussion. Even with full opposition by International Community having knowledge of IHL continuous and non stop use of Drones is showing Practical Example of â€Å"Might Is Right†. BIBLIOGRAPHY * Ahmad, Muhammad Mushtaq. Jihad,Mazahmat Aur Baghawat:Islami Shari’at Aur Bain al Aqwami Qanun Ki Roshni Men†,Gujranwala:Al-Shari’ah Accademy,2008 * Gabor,Rona.†Interesting Times for International Humanitarian Law: Challenges from the â€Å"War on Terror†Ã¢â‚¬ , The Fletcher Forum Of World Affairs,27(2007) * Barindge,Robert.†A Qualified Defense Of Drone Attacks In Northwest Pakistan Under International Humanitarian Law†Boston University International Law Review.30(2012) * Evans,Malcolm D.International Law.Oxford:Oxford University Press,2003. * Starke,J.G. 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